測量儀器本身是否會對測量結果造成偏差?
——在渦度協方差系統中,如何確保測量準確
三維超聲風速儀是渦度協方差測量系統中的核心測量組件。有研究表明,在對風速進行測量時,哪怕超聲風速儀傳感器的體積很小,也會對風速測量結果產生偏差【1,2,3,4,5,6】。另外,如果采用合體式設計思路,即把三維超聲風速儀和氣體分析儀合二為一。由于氣體分析儀位于三維超聲風速儀采樣空間內部或與其非常接近【7,8】,風速的測量誤差就會很大(圖1)。
圖1 若物體距離三維超聲風速儀太近,如氣體分析儀,就會導致其風速測量不可靠。
理論上,渦度協方差系統測量同一渦旋的風速和其對應的氣體密度。但在實際測量時,卻不能這樣。合體式設計思路,由于其測量組件本身就會對渦旋造成擾動,這種擾動所導致的測量誤差很難被量化,且不可進行后續訂正【6,7,8,9】。
那怎么辦呢?研究表明,一個簡單的解決方案就是采用分體式思路:三維超聲風速儀和氣體分析儀以一定間距(10-20cm)分開測量。這種分體式測量,只需對原始數據做一個簡單的數據訂正就可以得到準確結果【10,11,12】。
LI-COR的渦度協方差測量系統以嚴謹的科研成果為依據,采用分體式設計思路(圖2),確保了渦度通量數據的準確、可靠。
圖2 LI-COR分體式渦度協方差測量系統設計思路
參考文獻
[1] Wyngaard, J. C., 1981. The effects ofprobe-induced flow distortion on atmospheric turbulence measurements. Journalof Applied Meteorology, 20: 784-794.
[2] Wyngaard, J. C., 1988. Flow-distortioneffects on scalar flux measurements in the surface layer: Implications forsensor design. In Hicks, B. B. (Eds) Topics in Micrometeorology. A Festschriftfor Arch Dyer. Springer, Dordrecht.
[3] Frank, J. M., W. J. Massman, and B. E.Ewers, 2013. Underestimates of sensible heat flux due to vertical velocitymeasurement errors in non-orthogonal sonic anemometers. Agricultural and ForestMeteorology, 171-172: 72-81.
[4] Horst, T. W., S. R. Semmer, and G.Maclean, 2015. Correction of a non-orthogonal, three-component sonic anemometerfor flow distortion by transducer shadowing. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 155(3): 371-395.
[5] Frank, J. M., W. J. Massman, E.Swiatek, H. A. Zimmerman, and B. E. Ewers, 2016. All sonic anemometers need tocorrect for transducer and structural shadowing in their velocity measurements.Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 33(1): 149-167.
[6] Huq, S., F. De Roo, T. Foken, M.Mauder, 2017. Evaluation of probe-induced flow distortion of Campbell CSAT3sonic anemometers by numerical simulation. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 165(1):9-28.
[7] Horst, T. W., R. Vogt, and S. P.Oncley, 2016. Measurements of flow distortion within the IRGASON integratedsonic anemometer and CO2/H2O gas analyzer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 160(1):1-15.
[8] Dyer, A. J., 1981. Flow distortion bysupporting structures. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 20(2): 243-251.
[9] Grare, L., L. Lenain, and W. K.Melville, 2016. The influence of wind direction on Campbell Scientific CSAT3and Gill R3-50 sonic anemometer measurements. Journal of Atmospheric andOceanic Technology, 33(11): 2477-2497.
[10] Moore, C. J., 1986. Frequency responsecorrections for eddy covariance systems. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 37: 17-35.
[11] Horst, T. W., and D. H. Lenschow,2009. Attenuation of scalar fluxes measured with spatially-displaced sensors.Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 130(2): 275-300.
[12] Mauder, M., and T. Foken, 2011.Documentation and Instruction Manual of the Eddy-Covariance Software PackageTK3.
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